The present document is the result of an iterative process including three large annual Workshops, input from focused workgroups, and the extensive participation and consultation of over 40 selected, international expert investigators who utilize multiple research approaches and study both humans and nonhumans. The Collaboratory on Research Definitions for Reserve and Resilience in Cognitive Aging and Dementia was funded by the National Institute on Aging of the National Institutes of Health in the USA and established in 2019 as a three-year process of developing consensus definitions and research guidelines for cognitive reserve and related concepts. In addition, most of these papers focus on human studies, so the definitions and nomenclature are not optimally suitable for nonhuman studies. Across these papers there are often disparate definitions for the same term. Several groups have published proposed nomenclature and operational definitions for concepts including resilience, cognitive reserve, brain reserve, brain maintenance, compensation, scaffolding, resistance and resilience. However, design of studies and communication across investigators in this area has been hampered by a diversity of terminology. In this context, overarching concepts like reserve and resilience are often invoked for capturing differential susceptibility to brain aging and disease. Moreover, identifying factors that are relevant across species (i.e., humans and non-humans) is fundamentally necessary to facilitate studies of the neurobiological underpinnings of such factors. The study of factors that allow some individuals to age more successfully than others, including for example genetics and life exposures, has important implications for individual wellbeing as well as health education, policy and intervention.
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